5. Discuss the concept of figuration change in Norbert Elias's theory.
6. Explain Barrington Moore's different paths to modernization.
7. Distinguish between the human development approach and the neoliberal development approach.
Answer (2)
Norbert Elias's figuration change concept highlights how social relationships evolve over time, affecting individual behavior. Barrington Moore outlined paths to modernization, including capitalist democracy and authoritarianism. The human development approach focuses on individual well-being and social equity, while the neoliberal approach emphasizes market efficiency and economic growth.
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Norbert Elias's Figuration Change :
Norbert Elias was a German sociologist who introduced the concept of 'figuration,' which he used to describe the dynamic and complex networks of interdependent human beings. Figuration change refers to the way these networks evolve over time due to shifts in social relationships, power balances, and individual roles. Unlike static social structures, figurations are always in flux, influenced by socio-historical developments. Elias examined how societal norms, etiquettes, and behaviors transformed, especially in his work 'The Civilizing Process,' where he explored the evolution of norms around manners and state formation.
Barrington Moore's Paths to Modernization :
Barrington Moore, a political sociologist, outlined three different paths to modernization in his seminal work, 'Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy.' He focused on the relationships between land-owning aristocrats, peasantry, bourgeoisie, and state development:
The Democratic Path : Exemplified by countries like England, the United States, and France. It involved a strong bourgeoisie that could effectively challenge the aristocracy, leading to democratic governance.
The Authoritarian Path : Seen in places like Germany and Japan, where the landed aristocracy remained strong and aligned with a rising capitalist class, resulting in an authoritarian form of government.
The Communist Path : Found in Russia and China, where the peasantry allied against both the aristocracy and bourgeoisie, fostering communist revolutions.
Human Development Approach vs. Neoliberal Development Approach :
Human Development Approach : This approach prioritizes the improvement of people's quality of life and well-being as central to development. It measures progress not just by economic growth but by health, education, and standards of living. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a key tool in this approach, emphasizing literacy rates, life expectancy, and income.
Neoliberal Development Approach : This approach focuses on economic growth through free markets, deregulation, and reducing the role of the state in economic affairs. It relies on market mechanisms to allocate resources efficiently, emphasizing trade, privatization, and global competitiveness. Critics argue that it can lead to increased inequalities and neglect social welfare components.
