6. Explain Barrington Moore's different paths to modernization.
7. Distinguish between the human development approach and the neoliberal development of policy prescription for development.
Answer (2)
Barrington Moore identified three paths to modernization: the Western path leading to democracy, the Soviet path characterized by authoritarian rule, and the Asian path marked by unique national contexts. The human development approach emphasizes improving people's quality of life, while neoliberal development focuses on free markets and economic growth. These frameworks reflect differing priorities in understanding development outcomes.
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Barrington Moore's Different Paths to Modernization: Barrington Moore, a historical sociologist, explored the different paths societies take toward modernization in his influential work, 'Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy' (1966). He identified three primary routes to modernization with different political outcomes:
Liberal Democratic Route: This path is characterized by the rise of a strong bourgeoisie that can successfully challenge the traditional aristocratic elite. The result is the development of liberal democracy. An example of this is Britain, where the bourgeoisie played a central role in limiting monarchical power and promoting democratic institutions.
Fascist Route: In this path, Moore highlighted societies where both the landed aristocracy and the bourgeoisie formed an alliance to suppress the peasantry and block democratic reforms. This often led to the rise of right-wing authoritarian regimes, such as in Germany and Japan.
Communist Route: In this scenario, the peasantry revolts with support from radical intellectuals and the industrial proletariat against both the landowners and the bourgeoisie, leading to the establishment of a communist state. China and Russia exemplify this path.
Moore's analysis emphasizes the importance of class alliances and conflicts in determining the political trajectory of modernization.
Distinguishing Between Human Development Approach and Neoliberal Development Policy Prescription:
Human Development Approach: Introduced by thinkers like Amartya Sen and popularized by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) through its Human Development Reports, this approach focuses on expanding people's freedoms and improving their capabilities. It emphasizes factors like education, health, and living standards as the true indicators of development, rather than mere economic growth. The approach advocates for policies that prioritize human well-being and equitable access to resources.
Neoliberal Development Policy Prescription: This approach is grounded in the belief in free markets and limited government intervention. It promotes policies such as privatization, deregulation, and trade liberalization. The primary goal is economic growth, with the assumption that prosperity will trickle down to improve lives. Critics argue that it often leads to increased inequality and undermines social welfare.
In summary, while the human development approach prioritizes holistic well-being and equitable access to resources, neoliberal policies focus on market-driven growth, sometimes at the expense of social equity.
