Federal housing programs discriminated against Americans of color through redlining, biased claims about default risks, and negative perceptions of integrated neighborhoods. Each practice created barriers to home ownership and contributed to systemic inequalities. Thus, the correct answer is 'all of the above.'
;
Federal housing programs discriminated against Americans of color through practices like redlining, biased claims about loan defaults, and creating negative perceptions of integrated neighborhoods. Each of these factors contributed to systemic barriers for people of color in housing. Therefore, the correct answer to the quiz question is 'all of the above.' ;